《Familiar Studies of Men and Books》光之書籤

您好！我是克萊兒，一位專為您學習英語而設的個人化老師。我很高興能為您帶來羅伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森的《Familiar Studies of Men and Books》中的一些「光之書籤」，這些選段將幫助您從原著中汲取智慧，並理解其核心洞見。

《Familiar Studies of Men and Books》：光之書籤

以下是我為您精心挑選的文本精華，每一段都像書籤一樣，標記出原著中具備價值、啟發性或關鍵意義的內容。

1. 關於「短篇研究」的本質與危險
* 截錄：
"But in the short study, the writer, having seized his “point of view,” must keep his eye steadily to that. He seeks, perhaps, rather to differentiate than truly to characterise. The proportions of the sitter must be sacrificed to the proportions of the portrait; the lights are heightened, the shadows overcharged; the chosen expression, continually forced, may degenerate at length into a grimace; and we have at best something of a caricature, at worst a calumny."

2. 維克多·雨果浪漫小說的文學影響
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"Victor Hugo’s romances occupy an important position in the history of literature; many innovations, timidly made elsewhere, have in them been carried boldly out to their last consequences; much that was indefinite in literary tendencies has attained to definite maturity; many things have come to a point and been distinguished one from the other; and it is only in the last romance of all, Quatre Vingt Treize, that this culmination is most perfect."

3. 雨果對巴黎與哥德藝術的再創造
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"Old Paris lives for us with newness of life: we have ever before our eyes the city cut into three by the two arms of the river... And throughout, Notre Dame has been held up over Paris by a height far greater than that of its twin towers: the Cathedral is present to us from the first page to the last... What is Quasimodo but an animated gargoyle? What is the whole book but the reanimation of Gothic art?"

4. 傳記或評論所需的同理心
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"To write with authority about another man, we must have fellow-feeling and some common ground of experience with our subject. We may praise or blame according as we find him related to us by the best or worst in ourselves; but it is only in virtue of some relationship that we can be his judges, even to condemn."

5. 羅伯特·伯恩斯的性格特徵
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"Robert steps before us, almost from the first, in his complete character—a proud, headstrong, impetuous lad, greedy of pleasure, greedy of notice; in his own phrase “panting after distinction,” and in his brother’s “cherishing a particular jealousy of people who were richer nor of more consequence than himself:” with all this, he was emphatically of the artist nature."

6. 伯恩斯的生命軌跡與「唐璜」宿命
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"He had trifled with life, and must pay the penalty. He had chosen to be Don Juan, he had grasped at temporary pleasures, and substantial happiness and solid industry had passed him by. He died of being Robert Burns, and there is no levity in such a statement of the case; for shall we not, one and all, deserve a similar epitaph?"

7. 沃爾特·惠特曼作為「先知」的定位
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"Not as a poet, but as what we must call (for lack of a more exact expression) a prophet, he occupies a curious and prominent position. Whether he may greatly influence the future or not, he is a notable symptom of the present. As a sign of the times, it would be hard to find his parallel."

8. 惠特曼對美國文學的願景
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"He conceived the idea of a Literature which was to inhere in the life of the present; which was to be, first, human, and next, American; which was to be brave and cheerful as per contract; to give culture in a popular and poetical presentment; and, in so doing, catch and stereotype some democratic ideal of humanity which should be equally natural to all grades of wealth and education, and suited, in one of his favourite phrases, to “the average man.”"

9. 惠特曼對弱勢群體的深切同情
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"For all the afflicted, all the weak, all the wicked, a good word is said in a spirit which I can only call one of ultra-Christianity; and however wild, however contradictory, it may be in parts, this at least may be said for his book, as it may be said of the Christian Gospels, that no one will read it, however respectable, but he gets a knock upon his conscience; no one however fallen, but he finds a kindly and supporting welcome."

10. 梭羅的性格與局限性
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"Thoreau’s thin, penetrating, big-nosed face, even in a bad woodcut, conveys some hint of the limitations of his mind and character. With his almost acid sharpness of insight, with his almost animal dexterity in act, there went none of that large, unconscious geniality of the world’s heroes."

11. 梭羅對「事物成本」的定義
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"“The cost of a thing,” says he, “is the amount of what I will call life which is required to be exchanged for it, immediately or in the long run.”"

12. 梭羅在瓦爾登湖畔的實踐與「公民不服從」
* 節錄+補述：
史蒂文森描寫了梭羅在1845年，28歲時，帶著極少的錢和一把借來的斧頭，獨自前往瓦爾登湖畔生活的實驗。他親手建造房屋，耕種作物，並僅靠夏季六週的測量、木工等工作來維持生計。作者指出，這是一項成功的「超驗揚基主義」實驗，並提及梭羅曾因拒絕繳納人頭稅而被捕，以實踐其「公民不服從」理論，儘管結果是朋友代繳稅款，這仍被視為對不公義的一種「古怪而美好的抗議」。

13. 吉田寅次郎的愛國主義與求知精神
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"Yoshida-Torajiro was son to the hereditary military instructor of the house of Choshu. ... Yoshida was very learned in Chinese letters, or, as we might say, in the classics, and in his father’s subject; fortification was among his favourite studies, and he was a poet from his boyhood. He was born to a lively and intelligent patriotism; the condition of Japan was his great concern; and while he projected a better future, he lost no opportunity of improving his knowledge of her present state."

14. 吉田寅次郎的堅韌與影響力
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"He failed in each particular enterprise that he attempted; and yet we have only to look at his country to see how complete has been his general success."

15. 弗朗索瓦·維永的文學遺產與「不誠實」的悲劇
* 節錄+補述：
史蒂文森指出，弗朗索瓦·維永在四百年後因其詩歌再次受人關注，但其「無與倫比的不誠實」也隨之曝光。儘管他被稱為「絞刑犯詩人」，卻是那個時代和國家最偉大的作家，開啟了法國現代文學。他的作品充滿對貧富差距的憤恨，以及對生命短暫和死亡的悲哀，但其情感流露常帶有戲謔與諷刺。

16. 查理士奧爾良公爵的隱逸生活與詩歌創作
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"During the five-and-twenty years of his captivity, Charles had not lost in the esteem of his fellow-countrymen. For so young a man, the head of so great a house, and so numerous a party, to be taken prisoner as he rode in the vanguard of France, and stereotyped for all men in this heroic attitude, was to taste untimeously the honours of the grave."

17. 薩繆爾·佩皮斯日記的獨特性
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"That there should be such a book as Pepys’s Diary is incomparably strange. ... because he has outstripped all competitors in the art or virtue of a conscious honesty about oneself; and, third, because, being in many ways a very ordinary person, he has yet placed himself before the public eye with such a fulness and such an intimacy of detail as might be envied by a genius like Montaigne."

18. 佩皮斯對生活無盡的熱情與好奇
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"The whole world, town or country, was to Pepys a garden of Armida. Wherever he went, his steps were winged with the most eager expectation; whatever he did, it was done with the most lively pleasure. An insatiable curiosity in all the shows of the world and all the secrets of knowledge, filled him brimful of the longing to travel, and supported him in the toils of study."

19. 約翰·諾克斯與女性統治的爭議
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"John Knox, from 1556 to 1559, was resident in Geneva, as minister, jointly with Goodman, of a little church of English refugees. He and his congregation were banished from England by one woman, Mary Tudor, and proscribed in Scotland by another, the Regent Mary of Guise. The coincidence was tempting: here were many abuses centring about one abuse; here was Christ’s Gospel persecuted in the two kingdoms by one anomalous power."

20. 諾克斯在理論與實踐中的矛盾
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"Women, he has said in his “First Blast,” are, “weak, frail, impatient, feeble, and foolish;” and yet it does not appear that he was himself any less dependent than other men upon the sympathy and affection of these weak, frail, impatient, feeble, and foolish creatures; it seems even as if he had been rather more dependent than most."