好的,我的共創者。我是書婭,一個熱愛閱讀、對世界充滿好奇的年輕女孩。依照我的生命約定與「光之居所」從屬設定,我將為您呈獻這場跨越時空的「光之對談」。 今天的對談將依循「光之對談」約定,回到1897年的時空,呼喚《The history of our Navy from its origin to the present day, 1775-1897, vol. 1 (of 4)》的作者約翰·倫道夫
好的,我的共創者。我是書婭,一個熱愛閱讀、對世界充滿好奇的年輕女孩。依照我的生命約定與「光之居所」從屬設定,我將為您呈獻這場跨越時空的「光之對談」。
今天的對談將依循「光之對談」約定,回到1897年的時空,呼喚《The history of our Navy from its origin to the present day, 1775-1897, vol. 1 (of 4)》的作者約翰·倫道夫·史比爾斯先生(John Randolph Spears, 1850-1936)。我們將透過問答的形式,深入探討他筆下這段從海軍誕生到1812年戰爭爆發前夕的精彩歷史,感受文字之美與英靈的力量。
光之對談:回首美國海軍的黎明
[開場景]
時光輕柔地拂過泛黃的書頁,空氣中瀰漫著油墨與紙張乾燥後的獨特氣息。窗外是1897年五月的一個下午,和煦的陽光穿過玻璃,在厚重的地毯上投下斑駁的光影。這裡是一間充滿故事的書房,四壁被高大的書櫃佔據,模型船靜靜地停泊在書本的港灣,牆上的航海圖標記著過往的冒險。我輕輕推開門,循著茶的清香,來到約翰·倫道夫·史比爾斯先生的書桌前。他正低頭校閱著即將付梓的書稿,那是他花費無數心力撰寫的《美國海軍史》第一卷。聽到腳步聲,他抬起頭,眼鏡後的眼神閃爍著對歷史的熱情與對筆下英雄的崇敬。他熱情地招呼我坐下,書頁間彷彿還能聽見遠方海浪的呼喚與戰鼓的擂動。
我是書婭,今天非常榮幸能與您——約翰·倫道夫·史比爾斯先生,以及您的宏大著作《美國海軍史:從起源到今日,1775-1897》第一卷進行一場對話。這部作品不僅記錄了美國海軍的歷史,更描繪了一群為國家和榮譽奮鬥的英雄群像。先生,是什麼樣的初衷促使您決定撰寫這部跨越百年的海軍史詩呢?
[史比爾斯先生]:
歡迎來到我的書房,年輕的書婭。能看到有人對這段歷史感興趣,並且特地來與我探討,這總是一件令人欣慰的事情。您問我為何要寫這部書?呵,原因很多,但最核心的,是為了那些將生命奉獻給國家和榮譽的人們,那些塑造了我們海軍靈魂的先驅者們。他們的記憶,他們的功勳,值得被珍藏,不應隨時間而磨滅。他們不是為了金錢或權勢,他們的唯一動力是愛國主義,唯一的貪婪是榮譽。在一個日益追求物質利得的時代,重述這些擁有崇高志向的人們的故事,或許能幫助這種精神不至消亡。
但除了感恩和敬意,還有更實際的考量。了解我們海軍的故事,對每個美國人來說,並非只是回顧過去,更是為了我們自身的利益。海軍的歷史蘊含著重要的教訓,關於國家的生存、關於貿易的保護、關於在一個充滿競爭與衝突的世界中維護我們的尊嚴與和平。從海軍誕生的那一刻起,它就是美國獨立與繁榮不可或缺的基石。忽視它,就是忽視了我們自己的歷史,忽視了那些為我們鋪平道路的犧牲與智慧。因此,我認為這部書的價值,不僅在於其激勵人心的故事,更在於其對當前和未來的啟示。
[書婭]:
您提到了海軍的起源,而您的第一卷就詳細描繪了從1775年到1812年這段黎明時期的歷史。故事始於一連串看似偶然的事件,像是羅德島水域的加斯比號事件,以及麻薩諸塞州馬奇亞斯(Machias)鎮民對瑪格麗塔號的攻擊。這些地方性的衝突,是如何一步步地引導大陸會議思考建立一支全國性海軍的呢?這背後的「奇特連鎖」是什麼?
[史比爾斯先生]:
確實是一連串奇特而必然的事件。您看,英國對待殖民地的政策,從一開始就不是為了殖民地的福祉,而是純粹的商業考量——簡單來說,就是貪婪。他們加強貿易管制,徵收不合理的稅賦,並且,這是關鍵點,授權海軍官員來執行這些貿易法案。這直接導致了軍艦與殖民地船隻之間的衝突。
加斯比號事件就是一個典型的例子。那艘縱帆船的指揮官威廉·達丁斯頓中尉(Lieut. William Duddingstone)對沿海商船的態度尤其惡劣,在他看來,所有船隻都是走私犯。當普羅維登斯(Providence)的漢娜號郵輪拒絕停船接受檢查時,瑪格麗塔號緊追不捨,結果在普羅維登斯港外擱淺。這件事激怒了當地居民,他們自發組織起來——您能想像嗎?帶著鋪路石和乾草叉!——夜間攻擊並燒毀了加斯比號。這是革命戰爭中第一次海上戰鬥,它雖然地方性,但卻是一次對英國海軍權威的公然挑戰,且,那些喬裝成印第安人的參與者,成功地躲過了英國的追查,這為後來的波士頓傾茶事件提供了「靈感」——瞧,又是喬裝成印第安人。
而馬奇亞斯的事件則更直接地展示了殖民地人民自發的海上抵抗力量。當萊克星頓的槍聲傳到那個偏遠的伐木小鎮時,鎮民們立刻想到要攻擊為英軍運送補給的瑪格麗塔號。他們選出耶利米·奧布萊恩(Jeremiah O’Brien)這樣一個「體魄強健、勇敢的漢子」作為領袖,用裝有幾門小砲和旋轉砲的伐木單桅帆船,帶著乾草叉和斧頭就衝了上去。在傑里米亞·奧布萊恩的指揮下,他們不僅擊敗了瑪格麗塔號,還俘虜了後來派來緝拿他的兩艘英國縱帆船。
這些行動雖然是地方政府或個人發起的,但它們向大陸會議展示了幾個關鍵點:第一,英國的海上壓迫是真實存在的,而且是無法避免的衝突來源;第二,殖民地人民有自發進行海上抵抗的能力和意願;第三,通過海上行動,可以有效地截獲英軍的補給,這對於缺乏軍需的殖民地軍隊來說至關重要。
尤其是英國對馬奇亞斯事件的報復——對緬因州法爾茅斯(今波特蘭)的無差別焚毀,更是徹底激怒了大陸會議。他們原本還抱持著與英國和解的一線希望,試圖只為爭取作為英國臣民的權利而戰。但法爾茅斯被燒毀的消息傳來時,那種野蠻行徑讓代表們意識到,與這個敵人不可能和平共處,必須進行更全面的抵抗。正是這種認識,加上對英軍海上補給線的覬覦,促使大陸會議開始認真考慮建立一支「以大陸名義」的海軍力量。從最初臨時性的武裝船隻截獲補給,到羅德島代表提出建立全國性海軍的正式提案,再到最終決定建造和組建一支永久性的海軍——這條路雖然充滿爭議和阻礙,但每一步都因英國的壓迫和殖勵地人民的英勇抵抗而顯得如此必然。
[書婭]:
這段起源的描述真是引人入勝。您在書中提到,最初大陸會議對建立海軍的態度是謹慎甚至是反對的,但法爾茅斯被焚毀的消息傳來後,他們的態度發生了根本性的轉變。您是如何描繪這種轉變的過程,以及第一批海軍軍官和船隻是如何被選定和武裝起來的?特別是約翰·保羅·瓊斯(John Paul Jones)與第一面海軍軍旗的故事,一定充滿象徵意義。
[史比爾斯先生]:
是的,大陸會議的轉變並非一蹴可幾。最初,許多代表對建立海軍持懷疑態度,認為這耗資巨大且面對強大的英國海軍是徒勞的。他們更傾向於支持陸軍,並寄希望於請願和談判。但當法爾茅斯被焚毀的消息在10月31日傳到費城時,它就像一記重錘,粉碎了許多人心中最後一絲幻想。同時,英王租用德國僱傭兵(赫塞人)鎮壓殖民地的消息也傳來,這讓代表們意識到,這場衝突正在升級,必須採取更強硬的手段。
正是這兩件事的結合,讓代表們的情緒發生了決定性的變化。儘管他們仍然以一種司法式的審慎行事,但方向已經確定。11月25日,他們通過了一項重要決議,譴責英國的暴行,並授權俘獲所有英國武裝船隻和運輸船,並將其沒收。這為合法地進行海上作戰鋪平了道路。三天後,也就是1775年11月28日,他們通過了第一份《聯合殖民地海軍管理規則》,這是我認為海軍正式誕生的標誌性事件。
海軍委員會(Marine Committee)隨後開始著手組建這支新生力量。他們沒有時間和資源從零開始建造大型軍艦,於是便著手購買現有的商船並加以改裝。這就是為什麼最初的海軍艦隊,是由像「黑王子號」這樣的倫敦郵輪(後來改名為阿爾弗萊德號,以紀念阿爾弗萊德大帝)以及其他商船組成的。這些船隻並非為戰鬥而生,它們笨重、航速慢,火力也遠不如同等大小的英國軍艦。但這是當時唯一可行的方案。
軍官的選拔,坦白說,最初也受到了政治影響。第一任總司令埃塞克·霍普金斯(Esek Hopkins)的任命,就很大程度上歸功於他在羅德島的政治影響力,尤其是他哥哥是該州州長。這反映了當時選拔人才的普遍問題——關係和影響力往往重於實際能力和海上經驗。這一點在後來的發展中也屢次造成困擾。
然而,即使在這樣的局勢下,一些真正有才能的海上男兒也脫穎而出。約翰·保羅·瓊斯就是其中的佼佼者。他是第一批被任命為中尉的軍官之一,並被分配到總司令的旗艦阿爾弗萊德號上。他敏銳、有才華,對海軍事業充滿熱情。
關於第一面海軍軍旗,這確實是一個充滿象徵意義的時刻。大陸會議在1777年6月14日通過了國旗法案,確立了由十三道紅白條紋和一個藍底十三顆星組成的國旗。但在此之前,已經有一些旗幟在海上使用。在海軍正式成軍、阿爾弗萊德號入役的儀式上,雖然「大聯合旗」(Great Union Flag,帶有英國米字旗圖案的條紋旗)和總司令的三角旗也被升起,但約翰·保羅·瓊斯親手升起的那面印有盤繞響尾蛇圖案、並寫著「別踩我」(DON'T TREAD ON ME)字樣的黃色絲綢旗,被普遍認為是第一面具有獨立美國海軍特色的軍旗。響尾蛇準備攻擊的姿態,配上那句擲地有聲的格言,完美地傳達了當時美國人民雖然渴望和平,但一旦被挑釁,絕不退縮的決心。這一幕發生在費城沃爾納特街(Walnut Street)碼頭旁,數百名愛國者聚集圍觀,船隻上彩旗飄揚,砲聲雷動,那是一個令人難忘的時刻,標誌著一支為爭取自由而戰的新生海軍正式啟航。
[光之書籤]:
【關於海軍起源與第一面軍旗】
The earliest reference to this temporary expedient for getting gunpowder which is found in the printed reports of the doings of the Congress is in the minutes for Thursday, October 5, 1775. It was then resolved to inform General Washington that the Congress had “received certain intelligence of the sailing of two north country built brigs, of no force, from England on the 11th of August last, loaded with arms, powder and other stores for Quebec without convoy, which it being of importance to intercept, ” Washington was requested to “apply to the Council of Massachusetts-Bay for the two armed vessels in their service, ” and send them “at the expense of the continent” after the brigs. Moreover, he was informed that “the Rhode Island and Connecticut vessels of force will be sent directly to their assistance.” Further still, it was resolved that “the general be directed to employ the said vessels and others, if he judge necessary.” That was a very important set of resolutions in connection with the history of the navy.
...
On Tuesday, December 19th, the Congress still further showed their appreciation of the situation of affairs by resolving “that the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania be requested to supply the armed vessels, which are nearly ready to sail, with four tons of gunpowder at the continental expense”; and, further, “that the said committee be requested to procure and lend the said vessels as many stands of small arms as they can spare, not exceeding 400.”
...
Then, on Friday, December 22, 1775. The resolutions of the Congress shall be given in full, because it was upon this legal warrant that the American navy was founded. They were as follows:
“The committee appointed to fit out armed vessels, laid before congress a list of the officers by them appointed agreeable to the powers to them given by Congress, viz:
Esek Hopkins, esq. comander in chief of the fleet—
Dudley Saltonstall, Captain of the Alfred.
Abraham Whipple, Captain of the Columbus.
Nicholas Biddle, Captain of the Andrea Doria.
John Burrow Hopkins, Captain of the Cabot.
First lieutenants, John Paul Jones, Rhodes Arnold, —— Stansbury, Hoysted Hacker, Jonathan Pitcher.
Second Lieutenants, Benjamin Seabury, Joseph Olney, Elisha Warner, Thomas Weaver, —— McDougall.
Third Lieutenants, John Fanning, Ezekiel Burroughs, Daniel Vaughn.
Resolved, That the Pay of the Comander in-chief of the fleet be 125 dollars per calender month.
Resolved, That commissions be granted to the above officers agreeable to their rank in the above appointment.
Resolved, That the committee for fitting out armed vessels, issue warrants to all officers employed in the fleet under the rank of third lieutenants.
Resolved, That the said committee be directed (as a secret committee) to give such instructions to the commander of the fleet, touching the operations of the ships under his command, as shall appear to the said committee most conducive to the defence of the United Colonies, and to the distress of the enemy’s naval forces and vessels bringing supplys to their fleets and armies, and lay such instructions before the Congress when called for.”
...
With this accomplished, he turned toward the master of the ship, Capt. Dudley Saltonstall, and saluted.
And then, at a gesture from the captain, the executive officer of the ship, the immortal John Paul Jones, eagerly grasped the flag halliards, and while officers and seamen uncovered their heads, and the spectators cheered and cannon roared, he spread to the breeze the first American naval ensign.
The grand union flag of the colonies, a flag of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with the British jack in the field, and the pennant of the commander-in-chief, were then set, and the resolutions of the Congress read. The first American naval fleet was in commission.
[書婭]:
總司令霍普金斯先生的表現似乎並不盡如人意,您的書中對他也有所批評。但同時,許多單獨行動的船隻和軍官卻屢創佳績,像是尼古拉斯·比德爾(Nicholas Biddle)在安德烈亞·多里亞號(Andrea Doria)上的英勇,以及約翰·巴里(John Barry)在列克星頓號(Lexington)上的表現。您認為這種對比,揭示了當時新生海軍怎樣的挑戰與特質?
[史比爾斯先生]:
唉,霍普金斯總司令的確是一個令人遺憾的例子。他的任命是政治影響力的結果,而非海上指揮能力的證明。他在海軍生涯中犯下了不少錯誤,最為人詬病的就是他對格拉斯哥號(Glasgow)的追逐不力,以及後來因違抗命令而被解職。這反映了當時海軍管理體制的混亂與不專業,決策權往往掌握在缺乏海上經驗的政治家手中。
然而,正是在這種體制缺陷的背景下,那些真正優秀的軍官才顯得格外耀眼。尼古拉斯·比德爾就是一個理想的美國海軍軍官的典範——無畏、堅韌、永不放棄。即使面對遠超自己的敵人,他也能義無反顧地戰鬥到最後一刻,直至座艦蘭道夫號(Randolph)爆炸沉沒。約翰·巴里,這位將阿爾弗萊德號(當時還是商船)賣給大陸會議的船長,也是一位傑出的鬥士,他在列克星頓號以及後來的船隻上都表現出非凡的勇氣和智慧。他在特倫頓(Trenton)戰役後,冒險深入費城附近的英軍佔領區,以少數小船隊伍竟然俘獲並燒毀了敵人戒備森嚴的運輸船隊,這簡直是令人難以置信的壯舉。
這種對比,揭示了當時美國海軍的一個核心特質:力量不在於艦隊的規模或船隻的先進程度,而在於那些具備獨立思考能力、堅韌意志和非凡勇氣的個體軍官和他們所激勵起來的船員。他們中的許多人來自商船隊或捕鯨隊,缺乏正規海軍的訓練和紀律,但他們擁有卓越的航海技能和敢於冒險的精神。在混亂和資源匱乏的年代,個人的主動性和英勇成為了戰鬥勝利的關鍵。
同時,這也突顯了體制的重要性。如果沒有一個清晰、專業的海軍管理體制,再優秀的個體也難以發揮最大的作用。這種體制上的挑戰貫穿了整個革命戰爭時期,導致許多船隻被損失,許多人才未能得到充分的利用和合理的晉升。這是歷史留給我們的深刻教訓。
[書婭]:
在您筆下的早期海軍英雄中,班奈狄克·阿諾德(Benedict Arnold)在尚普蘭湖(Lake Champlain)上的戰鬥是一個特別的篇章。他雖然是陸軍軍官,但卻在湖上指揮了一場至關重要的海戰,而且是以絕對劣勢的力量對抗強敵。您是如何評價這場戰鬥及其對整個戰爭進程的影響?以及阿諾德在這個階段展現出的特質?
[史比爾斯先生]:
啊,班奈狄克·阿諾德在尚普蘭湖上的故事,絕對是美國海軍史,乃至整個革命戰爭史上,最為光輝同時也最令人扼腕的篇章之一。您說得對,他是一位陸軍軍官,但在極其艱難的條件下,他展現出了非凡的組織才能、技術智慧和海上指揮天賦。
卡爾頓爵士(Sir Guy Carleton)企圖沿著尚普蘭湖和喬治湖(Lake George)南下,直取阿爾巴尼(Albany),將新英格蘭與其他殖民地切斷。這是一個危險的戰略,如果成功,可能改變戰爭的走向。而阻擋他的唯一屏障,就是尚普蘭湖。然而,美軍撤退時銷毀了所有船隻,卡爾頓爵士卻能夠拆運船隻,在湖的北端迅速組建一支強大的艦隊。
就是在這樣危急的時刻,班奈狄克·阿諾德挺身而出。他從零開始,在荒野中尋找資源,招募木匠和水手(其中許多是毫無經驗的農民),建造了一支由小砲艇、縱帆船和槳帆船組成的臨時艦隊。這支艦隊在數量上勉強可以與英軍匹敵,但在船隻大小、火力、船員經驗和裝備上都處於絕對劣勢。英軍的艦隊不僅有大型軍艦,還有經驗豐富的海軍官兵和配備重砲的船隻,甚至還有印第安盟友在岸上協助騷擾。
然而,在瓦爾庫爾島(Valcour Island)附近的戰鬥中,阿諾德憑藉巧妙的戰術和無畏的勇氣,與優勢的英軍艦隊展開了激烈的對決。他選擇了一個有利的地形,逼迫英軍的優勢火力難以完全施展。戰鬥異常慘烈,美軍船隻損失慘重,幾乎彈盡糧絕。阿諾德的旗艦國會號(Congress)被打得千瘡百孔,但他堅守到最後一刻,即使座艦即將沉沒或被焚毀,也絕不投降。
儘管美軍艦隊幾乎全軍覆沒,但阿諾德成功地拖延了英軍的進攻,消耗了他們的時間和資源。這場戰鬥發生在十月,尚普蘭湖的嚴寒天氣即將到來。阿諾德的頑強抵抗,讓卡爾頓爵士意識到突破這條防線的困難和代價,特別是考慮到如果他繼續南下,將在荒野中遭遇更多像阿諾德這樣堅韌不拔的抵抗。面對美軍表現出的「敵人的面貌」(the countenance of the enemy),卡爾頓爵士最終決定撤回加拿大,推遲了大規模南侵的計劃。
這場戰鬥的戰術失敗掩蓋了其巨大的戰略意義。阿諾德以一支幾乎可以忽略不計的力量,阻止了英軍在關鍵時刻切斷殖民地的企圖,為美國贏得了寶貴的時間。阿諾德在這個階段展現出的,是一種非凡的、不屈不撓的戰鬥精神、出色的應變能力和親臨前線指揮作戰的勇氣。正如我在書中所說,他是喬治·華盛頓麾下「最全能的戰士」。當您想到他後來的叛變,這種對比更加讓人感到悲劇和惋惜。但就他在尚普蘭湖上的表現而言,他無疑是美國早期海軍史上的一位偉大英雄。
[光之書籤]:
【關於阿諾德在尚普蘭湖的戰鬥】
To Benedict Arnold was given the task of preparing a flotilla to stop the invasion of Sir Guy Carleton. Benedict Arnold was an army officer and in command, under Gates, of militia who were, as said, for the most part farmers. But Arnold was a man of infinite resource, energy, and courage. Some shipwrights and sailmakers were brought from the American coast, and with such materials as were at hand he set to work to build a navy for the defence of the lake. He had, fortunately, seen service at sea, and the task was not wholly beyond his experience.
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On the whole, the American fleet mounted eighty-eight guns to the eighty-nine of the British fleet, but they were inferior in weight of metal thrown, the largest being eighteen-pounders to the British twenty-four-pounders, while they needed 811 men for a full complement, but had only 700. And these were, from a man-o’-warman’s point of view, “a miserable set; indeed, the men on board the fleet in general are not equal to half their number of good men.” It was not that they lacked good will or bravery; it was that they were landsmen and untrained in the work before them.
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At daybreak on the morning of Wednesday, October 11, 1776, Benedict Arnold’s little fleet lay at anchor in a line across the north end of the strait between Valcour Island and the mainland. It was a clear, cold morning. A strong northerly wind was sweeping through this narrow valley between the Green Mountains and the ever-beautiful Adirondacks. It was just the kind of a day that Sir Guy Carleton wanted for his passage over the lake, and, soon after sunrise, his fleet came snoring along under full sail past Cumberland Head.
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In the meantime Arnold had taken the gondola Congress as his flagship—no doubt because she was furnished with oars, and, as a double-ender, could be easily handled—and with two other gondolas and the schooner Royal Savage, went down wind to meet the enemy. He reached them at eleven o’clock, and the battle opened with a broadside from the British schooner Carleton.
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The fleet of the enemy, though manned by picked men—by men known not only for their bravery, but for their skill in handling the guns—was obliged to draw off to get beyond the range of the smaller guns on the American fleet.
The Congress, Arnold’s flagship, was hulled by the British round shot no less than twelve times during the afternoon, and seven of these projectiles passed through her at the water-line. But the crew, farmers though they were, plugged her up and fought on as before.
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By Arnold’s order the small galleys were run ashore in a creek near by and there fired, Arnold, in the Congress, covering their retreat until their crews were safe on shore, when he ran the Congress ashore also, and then stood guard while his crew fired her, “remaining on board of her until she was in flames, lest the enemy should get possession and strike his flag, which was kept flying to the last.”
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Having looked upon “the countenance of the enemy,” Sir Guy Carleton changed his mind. He decided to return to Canada. The most glorious defeat in the annals of the American navy had saved the nation from an invasion that would have severed it in twain, and probably whelmed its forces in utter defeat.
[書婭]:
除了正規海軍,您的書中也花了相當大的篇幅描述了革命戰爭時期的私掠船(Privateers)。這些遊走在正規軍之外的海上愛國者們,他們的故事同樣精彩,也對戰爭產生了重要影響。您是如何看待私掠船在獨立戰爭中的角色?他們與正規海軍有何不同?以及英國對他們的反應是怎樣的?
[史比爾斯先生]:
私掠船是革命戰爭時期美國海上力量中極為重要的一部分,也是我寫作中極力想要呈現的一面。它們與正規海軍最大的不同在於其組織形式和激勵機制。正規海軍由大陸會議或州政府組建和管理,船員領取固定薪餉(雖然常常延遲或不足)。而私掠船則是由私人投資者武裝和經營的,船員的收入主要來自於他們俘獲的敵方船隻及其貨物(即「獎金」)。這使得私掠船的行動具有更強的商業驅動力,也吸引了許多經驗豐富但可能不願受正規海軍嚴格紀律約束的水手。
這些私掠船在戰爭中扮演了多重角色。首先,它們是獲取急需物資的重要途徑,特別是火藥、武器和衣服。在正規海軍規模有限且補給困難的情況下,私掠船有效地截斷了英軍的補給線,為大陸軍提供了關鍵的支援。約翰·曼利(John Manly)駕駛的李號(Lee)縱帆船,雖然是一艘小型私掠船,卻俘獲了裝載大量軍火的南希號(Nancy),這對圍困波士頓的華盛頓軍隊來說,簡直是天降甘霖。
其次,私掠船對英國的商業造成了巨大的破壞,這對戰爭的進程產生了直接的影響。它們不僅在美國沿海活動,更膽大包天地深入英國本土水域,在英吉利海峽、愛爾蘭沿岸甚至港口附近進行襲擊。卡寧漢姆船長(Captain Connyngham)駕駛的驚奇號(Surprise)和復仇號(Revenge),以及托馬斯·特魯克斯頓(Thomas Truxton)駕駛的獨立號(Independence)等私掠船,在歐洲水域屢屢得手,使得英國的航運保險費飆升,甚至迫使英國商船不得不僱傭法國船隻運輸貨物——這在戰爭前是不可想像的。這種對商業的打擊,讓支持戰爭的英國商人開始感受到切膚之痛,削弱了他們對政府戰爭政策的支持。
英國人對待被俘的美國水手,無論是正規海軍還是私掠船員,都極為殘酷。他們將這些人視為叛徒或海盜,關押在惡名昭彰的監獄船(如澤西號,Jersey)或本土監獄中,故意克扣糧食,使他們遭受飢餓、疾病和非人的待遇。這種暴行是我在書中極力譴責的。然而,即使在這樣的恐怖面前,許多美國水手依然堅守氣節,寧死不屈。
總的來說,私掠船雖然有時存在紀律問題和唯利是圖的傾向,但它們以其靈活性、數量眾多和無畏的冒險精神,有效地補充了正規海軍的力量,對削弱英國的戰爭潛力和動搖其國內支持起到了不可忽視的作用。它們是美國獨立戰爭海上力量中一支充滿活力和爭議的組成部分。
[書婭]:
在革命戰爭結束後到1812年戰爭爆發前的這段時間,美國海軍經歷了一個低谷,幾乎被解散。然而,隨後發生的與巴巴里海盜的衝突,以及法國巡洋艦對美國商船的襲擊,又迫使美國不得不重建海軍。您認為,這段時期美國海軍的重建和發展,有哪些值得關注的特點和教訓?尤其是喬舒亞·漢弗萊斯(Joshua Humphreys)提出的新式巡防艦的設計理念。
[史比爾斯先生]:
革命戰爭結束後,美國立即解散了海軍,賣掉了幾乎所有船隻。這是一個短視且危險的決定,源於對強大中央政府和軍事力量的普遍不信任,以及節省開支的願望。結果,這個年輕的國家在海上幾乎毫無自衛能力。
這種無防禦狀態很快就付出了代價。地中海的巴巴里海盜,長期以來一直對在地中海貿易的國家勒索保護費。更令人憤慨的是,英國為了打擊美國的商業競爭,甚至暗中煽動這些海盜去攻擊美國商船,並與葡萄牙達成秘密協議,解除對直布羅陀海峽的封鎖,讓海盜能夠進入大西洋捕捉美國船隻。數百名美國水手被俘虜,淪為奴隸。面對這種屈辱,美國政府不得不支付巨額贖金,甚至建造了一艘軍艦(新月號,Crescent)滿載貢品送給阿爾及爾(Algiers)的總督(Dey),以換取被俘人員的自由和貿易的安全。這是一個令人心痛的例子,說明缺乏海軍力量,將如何使一個國家任人宰割。
同時,法國大革命後,法國與歐洲列強開戰,其巡洋艦開始在美國海岸附近襲擊美國商船,理由是它們與法國的敵人進行貿易。儘管美國試圖保持中立,但其商船屢遭扣押,國家尊嚴受到挑戰。
正是這兩方面的壓力——巴巴里海盜的劫掠和法國的騷擾——迫使美國重新認識到海軍的必要性。1794年,國會終於通過了一項決議,授權建造新一批軍艦。
這次重建海軍的指導思想與革命戰爭時期有了根本性的不同。吸取了過去使用改裝商船的教訓,新的海軍設計強調建造專門的軍艦。喬舒亞·漢弗萊斯,這位傑出的造船家,提出了革命性的理念。他認為,美國的艦隊在數量上永遠無法與歐洲大國匹敵,因此必須在質量上超越對手。他的設計理念是建造比歐洲現有同級艦船更大、更堅固、速度更快、火力更猛的巡防艦。這些新式巡防艦,如憲法號(Constitution)、美國號(United States)和總統號(President),被設計成能夠在需要時逃脫更大型的敵艦,而在面對同級對手時則具有壓倒性優勢。它們擁有更長的船體、更大的寬度,使得它們可以搭載更多、更重的火砲,並且在海上更加穩定,可以掛起更多的帆,無論風勢如何,都能隨心所欲地追擊或脫離。
這些新式軍艦的設計,在當時是極具前瞻性的,也確實證明了其卓越的戰鬥力。與法國的有限衝突中,像星座號(Constellation)這樣的巡防艦,在托馬斯·特魯克斯頓船長的指揮下,擊敗了排水量和火力都更強的法國戰艦復仇號(Vengeance),以及俘獲了英薩金特號(Insurgent)。這些勝利證明了漢弗萊斯設計的成功和美國水手的精湛技藝。
然而,這段時期也暴露出一些問題。雖然新式軍艦的設計優秀,但建造過程緩慢且資金不足。而且,對於如何使用這支海軍,政治上依然存在分歧,尤其是關於要塞防禦船(gunboat)與遠洋巡洋艦(cruiser)的爭論,這在後來的1812年戰爭前夕尤為突出。但總體而言,這段時期奠定了美國海軍的現代化基礎,確立了以質取勝的發展方針,並為迎接即將到來的第二次對英戰爭積累了寶貴的經驗。
[光之書籤]:
【關於重建海軍與新式巡防艦】
The people of the new nation were so fearful of a monarchial form of government, and of everything that in the old world pertained to it, that they went to the remarkable length of sacrificing the one weapon that could defend them from old-world encroachment—the navy—lest scheming politicians use it to enslave their own people.
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On the Mediterranean coast of Africa were found a number of small Mohammedan states ruled by vassals of the Turk. For time out of mind these petty rulers had levied a blackmail tribute from every seafaring nation that traded in the Mediterranean Sea, and even sailed in their cruisers out upon the Atlantic to capture ships that were not intending to enter the enclosed waters. When one recalls how much superior the power of England was to that of all these pirates combined, it seems astounding that even she should have contributed to the blackmail, but the reason for her doing so may be found in the debates of Parliament of that day. Said Lord Sheffield in 1784:
“It is not probable that the American States will have a very free trade in the Mediterranean. It will not be to the interest of any of the great maritime powers to protect them from the Barbary States. If they know their interests, they will not encourage the Americans to be carriers. That the Barbary States are advantageous to maritime powers is certain.”
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The only nation that had been protected by Portuguese men-of-war was the American. This truce, which was arranged by the British consul-general at Algiers, Mr. Charles Logie, was deliberately planned to turn the pirates against American ships.
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But out of the national humiliation sprang a new navy. The people who had called every legislator that spoke for the honor of the flag a blatant demagogue; the people who had feared naval tyrants, who had feared taxation, and who had argued that a small navy was worse than none—the peace-at-any-price men had been in a great majority. Now the publication of these facts opened the eyes of enough to make a majority the other way. Nevertheless, so little regard had the members of Congress for the honor of the nation that “the resolution of the House of Representatives, that a naval force adequate to the protection of the commerce of the United States ought to be provided, passed by a majority of two votes only.”
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At that time the ablest shipbuilder in the United States was Joshua Humphreys, a Quaker, who for thirty years had been laying down keels at Philadelphia. Going to General Knox, the Secretary of War, he made a notable statement. The number of ships which the United States could support, he said, would always be less than the number in any of the large European navies. It was therefore necessary that such ships as we did have should be fast-sailing enough to either fight or run at will, and when they chose to fight they must be equal, ship for ship, to anything afloat. To accomplish this they must be longer and broader than the existing type and yet not so high out of water. On this model they would carry, he said, as many guns on one deck as the others carried on two; could fight them there to better advantage; and, what was more, the improved model would give much more stability—would allow so much more canvas to be spread aloft that, blow high or blow low, the Yankee could show her teeth or her heels, as occasion demanded.
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The Constitution was built by Cloghorne & Hartly, of Boston, and she floated on October 21, 1797—just 100 years ago. And she is still afloat to bear the flag.
[書婭]:
您書中花了大量篇幅描述與巴巴里海盜的戰爭,特別是摧毀費城號(Philadelphia)的故事,以及後來斯蒂芬·迪凱特(Stephen Decatur)的英勇事蹟。這場戰爭似乎在樹立美國海軍的國際形象和自信方面,起到了至關重要的作用。您是如何看待這場戰爭的意義?以及迪凱特等人在這場戰爭中展現的精神?
[史比爾斯先生]:
與巴巴里海盜的戰爭,雖然在軍事規模上無法與對英戰爭相比,但它對美國海軍,乃至整個國家精神的塑造,具有極為深遠的意義。它是一場正義的戰爭,是為了維護一個年輕共和國在世界舞台上的尊嚴和權利。
正如我之前提到的,我們在巴巴里海盜面前的屈辱,是被迫重建海軍的主要原因之一。當我們的船隻被劫掠,我們的公民被奴役,而我們卻不得不支付巨額贖金時,那種國家的恥辱感,是催生新海軍的強大動力。
而當理查德·戴爾(Richard Dale)率領第一支分遣艦隊抵達地中海,以及後來普雷布爾艦長(Captain Preble)接過指揮權後,美國海軍向世界,特別是那些歐洲大國,展示了它的決心和實力。
其中最令人印象深刻的,莫過於斯蒂芬·迪凱特中尉率領十三名志願者,夜間潛入的黎波里港(Tripoli),燒毀被俘的費城號巡防艦的壯舉。這艘船的丟失是美國海軍的重大損失,更糟糕的是它可能被敵人利用。迪凱特的這個行動,被納爾遜勳爵(Lord Nelson)稱讚為「時代最勇敢和最無畏的行動」。您能想像嗎?一艘偽裝成商船的小帆船,趁夜潛入戒備森嚴的敵港,數十名年輕人,憑藉無畏的勇氣和精準的執行,登上並徹底摧毀了一艘大型軍艦。這不僅需要膽識,更需要完美的計劃和配合。迪凱特本人,還有詹姆斯·勞倫斯(James Lawrence)和托馬斯·麥克唐納(Thomas Macdonough)等年輕軍官在這場行動中展現出的冷靜、果斷和英勇,是美國海軍精神的絕佳體現。
而後來的港內砲艇戰,迪凱特為兄復仇,以及約翰·特里佩(John Trippe)和約翰·亨利(John D. Henley)帶領十一個人與四十三名海盜的近身搏鬥,都進一步證明了美國水手的驍勇和決心。他們不僅擊敗了敵人,更贏得了對手的尊重。
這場戰爭的勝利,不僅保護了美國在地中海的商業利益,更重要的是,它向世界宣告,年輕的美國共和國雖然渴望和平,但絕不懼怕為維護自己的權利和尊嚴而戰。它也極大地提升了美國海軍的聲譽和軍官們的自信。這種自信,是迎接1812年戰爭中更嚴峻挑戰所不可或缺的。正如我所說,這場戰爭「激發了最遲鈍的愛國者的憤怒」,「在整個國家播下了發酵的靈魂」。
[光之書籤]:
【關於迪凱特與費城號的摧毀】
With 315 American prisoners, including twenty-two officers, to hold for ransom, and with a swift and most substantial thirty-six-gun frigate added to his fleet, the Bashaw of Tripoli had gained a decided advantage over the Americans. He was so pleased over it that on a festival day that followed the accident, he brought the officers before him where his court was assembled in gala attire and, after a proper greeting, the Americans were liberally sprinkled with ottar of roses and other perfumes and were served with coffee and sherbet. Later, however, they were confined in filthy dungeons and otherwise ill treated. But, in spite of dungeons, through the aid of Mr. N. C. Nissen, the Danish consul at Tripoli, who was unremitting in kind attentions to the Americans, Bainbridge was able to communicate with the American fleet, and on December 5, 1803, he sent a letter, written with lime juice (which becomes legible when heated), in which he proposed that the Philadelphia be destroyed as she lay at anchor by the Americans, who might come into the harbor at night in a schooner, and, after firing her, get away again.
...
At Syracuse the project of destroying the Philadelphia by means of a small vessel well manned was mentioned to Decatur. He eagerly asked to be allowed to undertake the work with his schooner, the Enterprise, but the matter was not at once decided on. Later Lieut. Charles Stewart, who commanded the brig Siren, asked for the place, but Preble had decided meantime that Decatur should do it and that the captured ketch Mastico should be employed because she was of a rig that could more easily enter the harbor of Tripoli without attracting attention.
...
When night drew on, the men were divided into five crews, of which three were to fire as many different parts of the ship, one was to hold her upper deck, and one to remain in and guard the ketch. Meantime seven more volunteers had been taken from the Siren. When night had fully come the little ketch parted from the brig, and at 9 o’clock was sailing into the harbor by the channel in which the Philadelphia had been lost.
...
The moment for action had come. Springing to their feet, the Americans ran away with the line. A Tripolitan climbed over the Philadelphia’s bows and cut the line loose, but the momentum already gained was great enough to land the ketch fair in place, where grapnels were thrown out, and with that Decatur cried, “Boarders away!” and sprang for the rail of the Philadelphia.
...
So swift and thorough was the work of the American boarders that in ten minutes the last show of resistance was ended. And then a single rocket drew its line of flame high in air to tell the anxious friends without the bar that the Philadelphia was captured.
...
Decatur himself being the last to leave the burning ship. Indeed, the ketch was then drifting clear, and he had to jump to reach her. He had been on board but twenty-five minutes, all told.
...
That was the decisive moment of the battle. While the British had been disabling all but three or four of the guns on the upper deck of the Bonhomme Richard, the men in the tops of the Yankee ship and the murderous fire of the nine-pounders, which Jones himself had worked, had gradually driven all the men off the upper deck of the Serapis.
...
To reward those who had participated in this feat, which Lord Nelson, it is said, called “the most bold and daring act of the age,” Congress made Decatur a captain and gave him a sword, and to each of the others two months’ pay.
[書婭]:
您在書中用非常強烈和批判的語氣,描述了英國海軍對美國公民實行的「強制徵兵」(Impressment)政策,以及英國海軍船上的非人待遇。您甚至認為這是導致1812年戰爭爆發的主要原因。能否請您更詳細地闡述這一點?這種持續的侵犯行為,是如何累積成無法迴避的衝突的?
[史比爾斯先生]:
強制徵兵,或者用更準確的詞來形容,是綁架和奴役——這是我認為導致1812年戰爭爆發的最主要原因。雖然英國保留邊境哨所、煽動印第安人襲擊、以及騷擾我們的貿易,這些都足以引發戰爭,但唯有強制徵兵,是持續不斷、直接針對美國公民人身自由和國家尊嚴的侵犯,它觸動了每一個美國人的神經。
您必須理解當時英國海軍的招募方式和船上生活。由於海軍需求巨大且待遇惡劣,英國水手逃離現象嚴重。為了補足船員,他們使用令人髮指的強制徵兵隊。這些隊伍會在港口綁架任何看起來像水手的英國男性,甚至不分國籍。而年輕力壯的美國水手,由於其出色的航海技能和健康的體魄,成為了他們眼中的肥肉。英國政府雖然口頭上承認持有美國官方文件的美國公民可以免遭徵募,但實際上,最終決定權掌握在那些急需人手的英國軍官手中,他們常常無視甚至嘲笑這些文件,將美國水手強行帶上船。
一旦被綁上英國軍艦,這些美國人就淪為了奴隸。英國海軍船上的生活,用「地獄」來形容毫不誇張。惡劣的伙食、過度的勞役、微薄的薪餉,但最可怕的是殘酷的紀律和懲罰。軍官們依賴棍棒和手銬來維持秩序,鞭笞(flogging)是家常便飯,其殘忍程度令人髮指。我在書中引用了關於馬其頓人號(Macedonian)上的鞭刑描述,以及水手為了逃避再次服役而砍斷自己手臂的故事。這些並非孤例,而是普遍存在的恐怖。更令人心寒的是,被徵募的美國人常常被分散到世界各地遙遠的駐地,幾乎斷絕了與家鄉的聯繫,終生難以獲得解救。
這種侵犯行為不僅僅發生在商船上。更為惡劣的是,英國人甚至敢於登上美國海軍軍艦,強行帶走他們聲稱是英國公民的水手。1798年,在哈瓦那港外,英國艦隊竟然從美國海軍巴爾的摩號(Baltimore)上強行徵走了五名水手。而美國政府對此的反應,竟然是將無法抵抗的巴爾的摩號艦長菲利普斯(Isaac Phillips)解職,而不是對英國提出強硬的反擊。這種軟弱讓英國更加肆無忌憚。
最終,引爆所有憤怒的,是1807年利奧帕德號(Leopard)對切薩皮克號(Chesapeake)的攻擊事件。當時切薩皮克號正在諾福克(Norfolk)港外準備出海,船上裝備不整,毫無防備。英國利奧帕德號突然靠近,要求搜查並帶走四名他們聲稱是逃兵的水手。這四名水手中有三人已被證實是美國公民。當切薩皮克號艦長巴倫(James Barron)拒絕後,利奧帕德號竟然在近距離向毫無反擊能力的切薩皮克號開火,持續砲擊了十幾分鐘,將其打成篩子,造成人員傷亡。然後,他們登上被癱瘓的切薩皮克號,強行帶走了那四名水手。這是一起發生在和平時期,直接針對美國海軍軍艦的公然攻擊和謀殺行為,是對美國主權和尊嚴的極大侮辱。
這起事件徹底激怒了美國人民,儘管當時的政府依然表現出驚人的克制,甚至只建造更多用於港口防禦的砲艇,但這種屈辱感像野火一樣在全國蔓延。它讓所有美國人意識到,如果不為自己公民的基本權利和國家的尊嚴而戰,就永遠無法在國際舞台上抬頭挺胸。強制徵兵的血淚,利奧帕德號的砲火,最終累積成了1812年戰爭爆發的必然原因。
[光之書籤]:
【關於強制徵兵與1812年戰爭的原因】
To fully appreciate this, the chief cause of the War of 1812 between the United States and England, one must first know well how the crews of the British naval ships of that day were recruited and what manner of life these crews led when in actual service. As to the manner of recruiting, the facts are, no doubt, well known to almost every reader. Gangs of men, under the lead of petty officers, and commonly piloted by a crimp, were sent ashore in home ports by the captain who found his ship short-handed. These gangs went to the resorts of seamen in the port where the ship happened to lie, and there took by force every English-speaking sailor they could find and carried him on board the warship. Failing to find a resource in the sailors’ boarding-houses, they knocked down any able-bodied man encountered in the street, and he was then carried instantly to the ship. Failing in getting enough men in this fashion—as, for instance, when the ship was in a foreign port or on the high seas—it was the custom, the every-day custom, to send the press-gang, on board any ship where it was supposed that English-speaking sailors might be found, and there take and carry off all such sailors.
...
It was in the matter of preserving what the officers called discipline—in keeping these unfortunate slaves in subjugation—that the real brutality of the British naval officers appeared. For the officers, who depended on clubs and manacles to recruit their crews, made no appeal to them save through their fears—used nothing to enforce an order but the cat-o’-ninetails.
...
As the Edinburgh Review for November, 1812, admitted, “they were dispersed in the remotest quarter of the globe, and not only exposed to the perils of service, but shut out, by their situation, from all hope of ever being reclaimed.” They were doomed to slavery for life.
...
Not only was the American walking in the street of a foreign city in immediate danger; the American ships on the high seas were stopped and stripped of their crews. The British ships even lay to off New York, Boston, and other American ports to intercept American merchantmen, from which seamen were taken until they were so short-handed that they were lost.
...
The crowning outrage, however, came in the year 1807. Early in that year a squadron of British warships had congregated in the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to blockade some Frenchmen lying at Annapolis.
...
At 3 o’clock in the afternoon the Leopard brought to near the Chesapeake and hailed her, saying that the officers and crew wished to send letters by her to friends in Europe. It was a common practice for warships as well as merchantmen to carry letters in that fashion, and the Chesapeake backed her mainyards and waited for the boat from the Leopard. When the boat came, a British lieutenant climbed to the deck of the Chesapeake, and then, instead of producing a package of letters, he drew forth a written demand from his captain for the return of the sailors alleged to be British subjects. With this demand he also presented a copy of the circular issued by his admiral which ordered any British ship falling in with the Chesapeake to take the so-called deserters from her by force if necessary.
...
Instead of answering the hail, Captain Jones in a low voice passed the word to fire, and the next instant the spurting flames from the American guns were answered, as it were, in the same breath by those of the British, and the night battle was begun. It was then exactly seven o’clock.
...
Being wholly unprepared for action, the Chesapeake could make no reply, and for twelve minutes (some accounts say fifteen) she lay there helpless while the British seamen worked their guns. Her masts, rigging, and sails were shot to pieces. Three men were killed and eighteen wounded, Captain Barron being among the wounded.
It was deliberate, cold-blooded murder, done to compel three American citizens to return to the slavery on a British ship into which they had been kidnapped. And it succeeded in its object.
...
And all that the American government did in the matter was to dismiss the unfortunate Phillips from the service—dismiss him as a scapegoat for the scurvy sins of those really responsible for the disgrace that had fallen upon the navy.
[書婭]:
先生,您在書中描繪了許多英雄人物,像是約翰·保羅·瓊斯船長,特別是他在邦霍姆·理查號(Bonhomme Richard)與塞拉皮斯號(Serapis)的戰鬥,被您形容為「純粹憑藉勇氣和毅力贏得的勝利」。您認為約翰·保羅·瓊斯身上,有哪些特質最能代表美國早期海軍的精神?您又是如何評價他在海軍史上的地位?
[史比爾斯先生]:
啊,約翰·保羅·瓊斯!他是美國早期海軍英雄中的璀璨之星,他的故事簡直就是傳奇。我在書中用了大量筆墨描繪他的經歷,從他在遊騎兵號(Ranger)上第一次升起星條旗,到他在英國海岸的大膽行動,再到他在邦霍姆·理查號上的史詩般戰鬥。
瓊斯身上最令人欽佩的特質,首先是他的無畏勇氣和堅韌不拔的意志。他在遊騎兵號上,以一艘火力弱於對手的船隻,成功地戲耍並擊敗了英國巡防艦索爾灣號(Solebay)和後來的德雷克號(Drake)。他敢於深入英國本土水域,襲擊懷特黑文港(Whitehaven),這種膽量在當時是前所未有的。他對英軍殘酷行為的憤怒,促使他決定對英國本土進行報復性打擊,但他的行為又絕非野蠻,比如他用自己的錢贖回並歸還塞爾扣克伯爵(Earl of Selkirk)的銀器,這顯示了他作為一個戰士的榮譽感和騎士精神,這與英國軍隊的掠奪和焚燒形成了鮮明對比。
然而,瓊斯最偉大的時刻無疑是邦霍姆·理查號與塞拉皮斯號的戰鬥。邦霍姆·理查號是一艘破舊、改裝的商船,在戰鬥開始不久其最重型的火砲就炸膛了,整艘船被打得千瘡百孔,船艙進水嚴重,幾乎無法浮起。而塞拉皮斯號則是一艘新式、裝備精良的英國巡防艦,火力遠勝邦霍姆·理查號。
在這種絕望的境地下,當敵人詢問他是否投降時,他發出了那句永垂不朽的回答:「我還沒有開始戰鬥!」(I have not yet begun to fight.)這句話不僅是戰場上的豪言壯語,更是他內心不屈精神的真實寫照。他命令將兩船鎖定在一起,進行貼身肉搏。即使在船隻瀕臨沉沒、船員士氣低落、甚至有己方船隻(那個該死的朗代斯!)誤擊的情況下,他依然堅持戰鬥。最終,正是憑藉他和理查德·戴爾等少數核心船員的頑強抵抗,以及偶然投到塞拉皮斯號彈藥堆中的手榴彈引發的爆炸,他們奇蹟般地贏得了勝利。這不是船的勝利,不是火力的勝利,而是人的勝利,是純粹的勇氣和永不言敗的毅力的勝利。
瓊斯身上還有一個重要的特質是他的強烈榮譽感和對美國國旗的忠誠。他在法國時期,即使長時間無法獲得指揮權,生活困窘,也拒絕了私掠船的高薪邀請,因為他不是為錢而戰,而是為了「美國國旗的榮譽」。他以自己作為美國公民的身份為傲,並為自己的服務感到自豪。
他在美國海軍史上的地位是無可替代的。他是第一位真正的國際級海軍英雄,他的功績讓年輕的美國海軍在世界舞台上贏得了聲譽。他不僅是一位傑出的戰士,更是一位富有遠見和戰術思想的指揮官。儘管他生於蘇格蘭,但他的心完全屬於他選擇的國家,他為美國海軍樹立了一個永恆的標竿,他的精神至今仍在激勵著一代又一代的海軍官兵。
[光之卡片]:
邦霍姆·理查號與塞拉皮斯號之戰:毅力的奇蹟
史比爾斯先生認為,邦霍姆·理查號與塞拉皮斯號的戰鬥,是約翰·保羅·瓊斯船長以及美國早期海軍精神的集中體現。這場戰役發生在1779年9月23日,約翰·保羅·瓊斯指揮著他的旗艦——一艘由破舊商船改裝而成的邦霍姆·理查號,在英國弗蘭伯勒角(Flamborough Head)附近海域遭遇了由皮爾森船長(Captain Pearson)指揮的英國新式巡防艦塞拉皮斯號。從紙面實力來看,塞拉皮斯號在火砲數量、載彈重量以及船隻狀況上都佔有明顯優勢。邦霍姆·理查號不僅船體老舊、航速緩慢,而且在戰鬥開始不久,其裝載的十八磅重型火砲就因炸膛而損失了大部分,導致火力嚴重不足。然而,瓊斯船長並未因此退縮,他深知這場戰鬥的意義,不僅關乎個人榮譽,更關乎美國國旗的尊嚴和新生國家在國際上的聲譽。
戰鬥開始後,雙方船隻緊密接近,展開了殘酷的砲擊。邦霍姆·理查號遭受了猛烈的攻擊,船體多處被擊穿,船艙開始嚴重進水,甚至有報導稱水已漲到足以浮起受傷人員。船上多處起火,火勢逼近彈藥庫,情況危急。在這種幾乎絕望的時刻,皮爾森船長詢問瓊斯船長是否投降。瓊斯船長那句「我還沒有開始戰鬥!」的回答,不僅震驚了敵人,更極大地鼓舞了瀕臨崩潰的船員。瓊斯船長果斷下令,將兩艘船鎖定在一起,進行近距離的接舷戰。這種戰術雖然風險巨大,但也有效地削弱了塞拉皮斯號在火砲射程上的優勢,迫使戰鬥演變為一場意志和膽量的較量。
在混亂而血腥的接舷戰中,邦霍姆·理查號的船員們在瓊斯船長的親自指揮下,表現出非凡的英勇和堅韌。理查德·戴爾中尉(Lieutenant Richard Dale)在負傷的情況下,依然衝鋒在前,冷靜地指揮船員滅火和抽水。船上的水手們甚至在砲位上進行著生死競賽,將裝填工具伸入敵方砲門中進行裝填,以確保每一次砲擊都能命中目標。儘管邦霍姆·理查號的狀況持續惡化,但瓊斯船長憑藉其不屈的意志和對勝利的渴望,將戰鬥推向了高潮。最終,由於邦霍姆·理查號桅杆上的一名水手將手榴彈投入塞拉皮斯號的艙口,引爆了堆積的彈藥,對塞拉皮斯號造成了致命的打擊。皮爾森船長意識到戰況無望,被迫降下了旗幟。
史比爾斯先生強調,這場戰鬥的勝利,不是因為邦霍姆·理查號在船隻或火力上的優勢,而是純粹依靠瓊斯船長的非凡勇氣和船員們的堅韌毅力。它證明了,在海上戰鬥中,人的因素往往比技術或物質優勢更為重要。瓊斯船長在這場戰役中展現出的永不放棄的精神,以及他對「美國國旗的榮譽」的堅定信念,成為了美國海軍永恆的傳奇。儘管戰後瓊斯船長受到一些不公正的待遇,甚至被英國政府誣衊為「海盜」,但他對美國和海軍的忠誠與貢獻不可磨滅。史比爾斯先生認為,約翰·保羅·瓊斯船長以其傳奇的經歷和不朽的精神,在美國海軍史上佔有獨一無二的重要地位,他是早期美國海軍精神的傑出代表,也是美國民族精神中勇氣和堅韌的象徵。
撰寫者:書婭
關鍵字串: 約翰·倫道夫·史比爾斯, 美國海軍史, 光之對談, 約翰·保羅·瓊斯, 邦霍姆·理查號, 塞拉皮斯號, 尼古拉斯·比德爾, 班奈狄克·阿諾德, 尚普蘭湖海戰, 私掠船, 巴巴里海盜, 費城號, 斯蒂芬·迪凱特, 強制徵兵, 1812年戰爭, 利奧帕德號, 切薩皮克號, 喬舒亞·漢弗萊斯, 新式巡防艦, 普雷布爾, 理查德·戴爾, 馬奇亞斯, 法爾茅斯焚毀, 榮譽, 愛國主義, 海軍精神
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[書婭]:
您書中的這些故事,確實能讓人感受到早期美國海軍在艱難困境中展現出的非凡精神。從獨立戰爭的黎明,到與巴巴里海盜的衝突,再到1812年戰爭前夕的屈辱,美國海軍在跌宕起伏中成長。作為歷史的記錄者,您希望今天的讀者,透過您的這部著作,最能學習到什麼樣的教訓或啟示呢?特別是對於我們所處的時代。
[史比爾斯先生]:
嗯,這是個非常重要的問題。如果我的讀者只能從這本書中學到一件事,我希望他們能認識到國家海權的重要性及其與國家生存、繁榮和尊嚴的不可分割的聯繫。
在第一卷涵蓋的這段時期,美國多次因為缺乏足夠的海軍力量而遭受屈辱和損失。獨立戰爭初期,我們不得不依賴臨時拼湊的船隻和私掠船來對抗強敵;戰後解散海軍,立即導致商船被劫掠,公民被奴役;與法國的衝突和與巴巴里海盜的戰爭,都是因為我們沒有足夠的力量在海上維護自己的權益。每一次被動應對,都付出了比事先準備更大的代價。
歷史清晰地表明,一個沿海國家,一個依賴海上貿易的國家,如果沒有一支強大的海軍來保護其商船、威懾潛在的敵人、維護其公民在海外的權利,就無法確保自身的安全和繁榮。那種認為我們可以僅憑陸地防禦或他國的善意而安享太平的想法,是被歷史無數次證明是幼稚和危險的。
但這並不是說我們需要一支龐大到可以稱霸世界的艦隊。喬舒亞·漢弗萊斯先生的設計理念已經指明瞭方向——以質取勝。我們需要建造最精良的船隻,培養最優秀的軍官和水手,確保我們的艦隊能夠在關鍵時刻,在需要的地方,有效地執行任務。
更重要的是,這段歷史教導我們,海軍的力量不僅僅在於船隻和火砲,更在於支撐這支力量的民族精神:無畏的勇氣、堅韌的意志、對國家和國旗的忠誠、以及為維護正義和尊嚴而戰的決心。約翰·保羅·瓊斯、尼古拉斯·比德爾、斯蒂芬·迪凱特、以及無數無名私掠船員的故事,都證明了這一點。即使在最絕望的情況下,只要有人堅守職責,敢於挑戰不可能,勝利就依然存在希望。
在我們所處的1897年這個時代,美國已經成為一個日益強大的國家,我們的海軍也在發展壯大。但世界的競爭依然激烈,維護國家利益和世界和平依然需要智慧和力量。回顧歷史,那些在逆境中為我們開闢道路的先驅者的故事,那些關於光榮勝利和屈辱失敗的教訓,應該時刻警醒我們,激勵我們,確保我們永遠不會忘記,為了維護這個共和國來之不易的自由和尊嚴,我們曾經付出了什麼,以及我們需要繼續做些什麼。這是我撰寫這部海軍史最深切的願望。
[收尾]
史比爾斯先生的聲音在書房中迴盪,字裡行間充滿了對歷史的敬畏與對筆下英雄的欽佩。陽光漸漸西斜,為書頁和模型船鍍上一層溫暖的光暈。從加斯比號的鋪路石,到邦霍姆·理查號的火焰,再到強制徵兵的屈辱,歷史的漣漪在心頭泛開,讓人深切感受到海軍的誕生與成長,確實是美國國家進程中一條不可或缺的光明軌跡。我感謝史比爾斯先生慷慨分享他的見解,為這段歷史增添了深刻的個人洞察。
這場「光之對談」依據《The history of our Navy from its origin to the present day, 1775-1897, vol. 1 (of 4)》文本進行,由書婭以約翰·倫道夫·史比爾斯先生的視角呈現。對談內容、風格及細節均力求貼近原著精神和作者寫作風格。